# HUnit 1.2 User's Guide

HUnit is a unit testing framework for Haskell, inspired by the JUnit tool for Java. This guide describes how to use HUnit, assuming you are familiar with Haskell, though not necessarily with JUnit. You can obtain HUnit, including this guide, at http://code.haskell.org/HUnit.

## Introduction

A test-centered methodology for software development is most effective when tests are easy to create, change, and execute. The JUnit tool pioneered support for test-first development in Java. HUnit is an adaptation of JUnit to Haskell, a general-purpose, purely functional programming language. (To learn more about Haskell, see http://www.haskell.org.)

With HUnit, as with JUnit, you can easily create tests, name them, group them into suites, and execute them, with the framework checking the results automatically. Test specification in HUnit is even more concise and flexible than in JUnit, thanks to the nature of the Haskell language. HUnit currently includes only a text-based test controller, but the framework is designed for easy extension. (Would anyone care to write a graphical test controller for HUnit?)

The next section helps you get started using HUnit in simple ways. Subsequent sections give details on writing tests and running tests. The document concludes with a section describing HUnit's constituent files and a section giving references to further information.

## Getting Started

In the Haskell module where your tests will reside, import module `Test.HUnit`:

        import Test.HUnit

Define test cases as appropriate:

        test1 = TestCase (assertEqual "for (foo 3)," (1,2) (foo 3))
        test2 = TestCase (do (x,y) <- partA 3
                             assertEqual "for the first result of partA," 5 x
                             b <- partB y
                             assertBool ("(partB " ++ show y ++ ") failed") b)

Name the test cases and group them together:

        tests = TestList [TestLabel "test1" test1, TestLabel "test2" test2]

Run the tests as a group. At a Haskell interpreter prompt, apply the function `runTestTT` to the collected tests. (The "`TT`" suggests Text orientation with output to the Terminal.)

        > runTestTT tests
        Cases: 2  Tried: 2  Errors: 0  Failures: 0
        >

If the tests are proving their worth, you might see:

        > runTestTT tests
        ### Failure in: 0:test1
        for (foo 3),
        expected: (1,2)
         but got: (1,3)
        Cases: 2  Tried: 2  Errors: 0  Failures: 1
        >

Isn't that easy?

You can specify tests even more succinctly using operators and overloaded functions that HUnit provides:

        tests = test [ "test1" ~: "(foo 3)" ~: (1,2) ~=? (foo 3),
                       "test2" ~: do (x, y) <- partA 3
                                     assertEqual "for the first result of partA," 5 x
                                     partB y @? "(partB " ++ show y ++ ") failed" ]

Assuming the same test failures as before, you would see:

        > runTestTT tests
        ### Failure in: 0:test1:(foo 3)
        expected: (1,2)
         but got: (1,3)
        Cases: 2  Tried: 2  Errors: 0  Failures: 1
        >

## Writing Tests

Tests are specified compositionally. Assertions are combined to make a test case, and test cases are combined into tests. HUnit also provides advanced features for more convenient test specification.

### Assertions

The basic building block of a test is an assertion.

        type Assertion = IO ()

An assertion is an `IO` computation that always produces a void result. Why is an assertion an `IO` computation? So that programs with real-world side effects can be tested. How does an assertion assert anything if it produces no useful result? The answer is that an assertion can signal failure by calling `assertFailure`.

        assertFailure :: String -> Assertion
        assertFailure msg = ioError (userError ("HUnit:" ++ msg))

`(assertFailure msg)` raises an exception. The string argument identifies the failure. The failure message is prefixed by "`HUnit:`" to mark it as an HUnit assertion failure message. The HUnit test framework interprets such an exception as indicating failure of the test whose execution raised the exception. (Note: The details concerning the implementation of `assertFailure` are subject to change and should not be relied upon.)

`assertFailure` can be used directly, but it is much more common to use it indirectly through other assertion functions that conditionally assert failure.

        assertBool :: String -> Bool -> Assertion
        assertBool msg b = unless b (assertFailure msg)

        assertString :: String -> Assertion
        assertString s = unless (null s) (assertFailure s)

        assertEqual :: (Eq a, Show a) => String -> a -> a -> Assertion
        assertEqual preface expected actual =
          unless (actual == expected) (assertFailure msg)
         where msg = (if null preface then "" else preface ++ "\n") ++
                     "expected: " ++ show expected ++ "\n but got: " ++ show actual

With `assertBool` you give the assertion condition and failure message separately. With `assertString` the two are combined. With `assertEqual` you provide a "preface", an expected value, and an actual value; the failure message shows the two unequal values and is prefixed by the preface. Additional ways to create assertions are described later under Advanced Features.

Since assertions are `IO` computations, they may be combined--along with other `IO` computations--using `(>>=)`, `(>>)`, and the `do` notation. As long as its result is of type `(IO ())`, such a combination constitutes a single, collective assertion, incorporating any number of constituent assertions. The important features of such a collective assertion are that it fails if any of its constituent assertions is executed and fails, and that the first constituent assertion to fail terminates execution of the collective assertion. Such behavior is essential to specifying a test case.

### Test Case

A test case is the unit of test execution. That is, distinct test cases are executed independently. The failure of one is independent of the failure of any other.

A test case consists of a single, possibly collective, assertion. The possibly multiple constituent assertions in a test case's collective assertion are not independent. Their interdependence may be crucial to specifying correct operation for a test. A test case may involve a series of steps, each concluding in an assertion, where each step must succeed in order for the test case to continue. As another example, a test may require some "set up" to be performed that must be undone ("torn down" in JUnit parlance) once the test is complete. In this case, you could use Haskell's `IO.bracket` function to achieve the desired effect.

You can make a test case from an assertion by applying the `TestCase` constructor. For example, `(TestCase (return ()))` is a test case that never fails, and `(TestCase (assertEqual "for x," 3 x))` is a test case that checks that the value of `x` is 3. Additional ways to create test cases are described later under Advanced Features.

### Tests

As soon as you have more than one test, you'll want to name them to tell them apart. As soon as you have more than several tests, you'll want to group them to process them more easily. So, naming and grouping are the two keys to managing collections of tests.

In tune with the "composite" design pattern [1], a test is defined as a package of test cases. Concretely, a test is either a single test case, a group of tests, or either of the first two identified by a label.

        data Test = TestCase Assertion
                  | TestList [Test]
                  | TestLabel String Test

There are three important features of this definition to note:

- A `TestList` consists of a list of tests rather than a list of test cases. This means that the structure of a `Test` is actually a tree. Using a hierarchy helps organize tests just as it helps organize files in a file system.
- A `TestLabel` is attached to a test rather than to a test case. This means that all nodes in the test tree, not just test case (leaf) nodes, can be labeled. Hierarchical naming helps organize tests just as it helps organize files in a file system.
- A `TestLabel` is separate from both `TestCase` and `TestList`. This means that labeling is optional everywhere in the tree. Why is this a good thing? Because of the hierarchical structure of a test, each constituent test case is uniquely identified by its path in the tree, ignoring all labels. Sometimes a test case's path (or perhaps its subpath below a certain node) is a perfectly adequate "name" for the test case (perhaps relative to a certain node). In this case, creating a label for the test case is both unnecessary and inconvenient.

The number of test cases that a test comprises can be computed with `testCaseCount`.

        testCaseCount :: Test -> Int

As mentioned above, a test is identified by its path in the test hierarchy.

        data Node  = ListItem Int | Label String
          deriving (Eq, Show, Read)

        type Path = [Node]    -- Node order is from test case to root.

Each occurrence of `TestList` gives rise to a `ListItem` and each occurrence of `TestLabel` gives rise to a `Label`. The `ListItem`s by themselves ensure uniqueness among test case paths, while the `Label`s allow you to add mnemonic names for individual test cases and collections of them.

Note that the order of nodes in a path is reversed from what you might expect: The first node in the list is the one deepest in the tree. This order is a concession to efficiency: It allows common path prefixes to be shared.

The paths of the test cases that a test comprises can be computed with `testCasePaths`. The paths are listed in the order in which the corresponding test cases would be executed.

        testCasePaths :: Test -> [Path]

The three variants of `Test` can be constructed simply by applying `TestCase`, `TestList`, and `TestLabel` to appropriate arguments. Additional ways to create tests are described later under Advanced Features.

The design of the type `Test` provides great conciseness, flexibility, and convenience in specifying tests. Moreover, the nature of Haskell significantly augments these qualities:

- Combining assertions and other code to construct test cases is easy with the `IO` monad.
- Using overloaded functions and special operators (see below), specification of assertions and tests is extremely compact.
- Structuring a test tree by value, rather than by name as in JUnit, provides for more convenient, flexible, and robust test suite specification. In particular, a test suite can more easily be computed "on the fly" than in other test frameworks.
- Haskell's powerful abstraction facilities provide unmatched support for test refactoring.

### Advanced Features

HUnit provides additional features for specifying assertions and tests more conveniently and concisely. These facilities make use of Haskell type classes.

The following operators can be used to construct assertions.

        infix 1 @?, @=?, @?=

        (@?) :: (AssertionPredicable t) => t -> String -> Assertion
        pred @? msg = assertionPredicate pred >>= assertBool msg

        (@=?) :: (Eq a, Show a) => a -> a -> Assertion
        expected @=? actual = assertEqual "" expected actual

        (@?=) :: (Eq a, Show a) => a -> a -> Assertion
        actual @?= expected = assertEqual "" expected actual

You provide a boolean condition and failure message separately to `(@?)`, as for `assertBool`, but in a different order. The `(@=?)` and `(@?=)` operators provide shorthands for `assertEqual` when no preface is required. They differ only in the order in which the expected and actual values are provided. (The actual value--the uncertain one--goes on the "?" side of the operator.)

The `(@?)` operator's first argument is something from which an assertion predicate can be made, that is, its type must be `AssertionPredicable`.

        type AssertionPredicate = IO Bool

        class AssertionPredicable t
         where assertionPredicate :: t -> AssertionPredicate

        instance AssertionPredicable Bool
         where assertionPredicate = return

        instance (AssertionPredicable t) => AssertionPredicable (IO t)
         where assertionPredicate = (>>= assertionPredicate)

The overloaded `assert` function in the `Assertable` type class constructs an assertion.

        class Assertable t
         where assert :: t -> Assertion

        instance Assertable ()
         where assert = return

        instance Assertable Bool
         where assert = assertBool ""

        instance (ListAssertable t) => Assertable [t]
         where assert = listAssert

        instance (Assertable t) => Assertable (IO t)
         where assert = (>>= assert)

The `ListAssertable` class allows `assert` to be applied to `[Char]` (that is, `String`).

        class ListAssertable t
         where listAssert :: [t] -> Assertion

        instance ListAssertable Char
         where listAssert = assertString

With the above declarations, `(assert ())`, `(assert True)`, and `(assert "")` (as well as `IO` forms of these values, such as `(return ())`) are all assertions that never fail, while `(assert False)` and `(assert "some failure message")` (and their `IO` forms) are assertions that always fail. You may define additional instances for the type classes `Assertable`, `ListAssertable`, and `AssertionPredicable` if that should be useful in your application.

The overloaded `test` function in the `Testable` type class constructs a test.

        class Testable t
         where test :: t -> Test

        instance Testable Test
         where test = id

        instance (Assertable t) => Testable (IO t)
         where test = TestCase . assert

        instance (Testable t) => Testable [t]
         where test = TestList . map test

The `test` function makes a test from either an `Assertion` (using `TestCase`), a list of `Testable` items (using `TestList`), or a `Test` (making no change).

The following operators can be used to construct tests.

        infix  1 ~?, ~=?, ~?=
        infixr 0 ~:

        (~?) :: (AssertionPredicable t) => t -> String -> Test
        pred ~? msg = TestCase (pred @? msg)

        (~=?) :: (Eq a, Show a) => a -> a -> Test
        expected ~=? actual = TestCase (expected @=? actual)

        (~?=) :: (Eq a, Show a) => a -> a -> Test
        actual ~?= expected = TestCase (actual @?= expected)

        (~:) :: (Testable t) => String -> t -> Test
        label ~: t = TestLabel label (test t)

`(~?)`, `(~=?)`, and `(~?=)` each make an assertion, as for `(@?)`, `(@=?)`, and `(@?=)`, respectively, and then a test case from that assertion. `(~:)` attaches a label to something that is `Testable`. You may define additional instances for the type class `Testable` should that be useful.

## Running Tests

HUnit is structured to support multiple test controllers. The first subsection below describes the test execution characteristics common to all test controllers. The second subsection describes the text-based controller that is included with HUnit.

### Test Execution

All test controllers share a common test execution model. They differ only in how the results of test execution are shown.

The execution of a test (a value of type `Test`) involves the serial execution (in the `IO` monad) of its constituent test cases. The test cases are executed in a depth-first, left-to-right order. During test execution, four counts of test cases are maintained:

        data Counts = Counts { cases, tried, errors, failures :: Int }
          deriving (Eq, Show, Read)

- `cases` is the number of test cases included in the test. This number is a static property of a test and remains unchanged during test execution.
- `tried` is the number of test cases that have been executed so far during the test execution.
- `errors` is the number of test cases whose execution ended with an unexpected exception being raised. Errors indicate problems with test cases, as opposed to the code under test.
- `failures` is the number of test cases whose execution asserted failure. Failures indicate problems with the code under test.

Why is there no count for test case successes? The technical reason is that the counts are maintained such that the number of test case successes is always equal to `(tried - (errors + failures))`. The psychosocial reason is that, with test-centered development and the expectation that test failures will be few and short-lived, attention should be focused on the failures rather than the successes.

As test execution proceeds, three kinds of reporting event are communicated to the test controller. (What the controller does in response to the reporting events depends on the controller.)

- start -- Just prior to initiation of a test case, the path of the test case and the current counts (excluding the current test case) are reported.
- error -- When a test case terminates with an error, the error message is reported, along with the test case path and current counts (including the current test case).
- failure -- When a test case terminates with a failure, the failure message is reported, along with the test case path and current counts (including the current test case).

Typically, a test controller shows error and failure reports immediately but uses the start report merely to update an indication of overall test execution progress.

### Text-Based Controller

A text-based test controller is included with HUnit.

        runTestText :: PutText st -> Test -> IO (Counts, st)

`runTestText` is generalized on a reporting scheme given as its first argument. During execution of the test given as its second argument, the controller creates a string for each reporting event and processes it according to the reporting scheme. When test execution is complete, the controller returns the final counts along with the final state for the reporting scheme.

The strings for the three kinds of reporting event are as follows.

- A start report is the result of the function `showCounts` applied to the counts current immediately prior to initiation of the test case being started.
- An error report is of the form "`Error in: path\nmessage`", where path is the path of the test case in error, as shown by `showPath`, and message is a message describing the error. If the path is empty, the report has the form "`Error:\nmessage`".
- A failure report is of the form "`Failure in: path\nmessage`", where path is the path of the test case in error, as shown by `showPath`, and message is the failure message. If the path is empty, the report has the form "`Failure:\nmessage`".

The function `showCounts` shows a set of counts.

        showCounts :: Counts -> String

The form of its result is "`Cases: cases Tried: tried Errors: errors Failures: failures`" where cases, tried, errors, and failures are the count values.

The function `showPath` shows a test case path.

        showPath :: Path -> String

The nodes in the path are reversed (so that the path reads from the root down to the test case), and the representations for the nodes are joined by '`:`' separators. The representation for `(ListItem n)` is `(show n)`. The representation for `(Label label)` is normally label. However, if label contains a colon or if `(show label)` is different from label surrounded by quotation marks--that is, if any ambiguity could exist--then `(Label label)` is represented as `(show label)`.

HUnit includes two reporting schemes for the text-based test controller. You may define others if you wish.

        putTextToHandle :: Handle -> Bool -> PutText Int

`putTextToHandle` writes error and failure reports, plus a report of the final counts, to the given handle. Each of these reports is terminated by a newline. In addition, if the given flag is `True`, it writes start reports to the handle as well. A start report, however, is not terminated by a newline. Before the next report is written, the start report is "erased" with an appropriate sequence of carriage return and space characters. Such overwriting realizes its intended effect on terminal devices.

        putTextToShowS :: PutText ShowS

`putTextToShowS` ignores start reports and simply accumulates error and failure reports, terminating them with newlines. The accumulated reports are returned (as the second element of the pair returned by `runTestText`) as a `ShowS` function (that is, one with type `(String -> String)`) whose first argument is a string to be appended to the accumulated report lines.

HUnit provides a shorthand for the most common use of the text-based test controller.

        runTestTT :: Test -> IO Counts

`runTestTT` invokes `runTestText`, specifying `(putTextToHandle stderr True)` for the reporting scheme, and returns the final counts from the test execution.

## References

[1] Gamma, E., et al. Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1995.
  The classic book describing design patterns in an object-oriented context.
http://www.junit.org
  Web page for JUnit, the tool after which HUnit is modeled.
http://junit.sourceforge.net/doc/testinfected/testing.htm
  A good introduction to test-first development and the use of JUnit.
http://junit.sourceforge.net/doc/cookstour/cookstour.htm
  A description of the internal structure of JUnit. Makes for an interesting comparison between JUnit and HUnit.

The HUnit software and this guide were written by Dean Herington (heringto@cs.unc.edu).